*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;background:#f2f1ed;color:#101313;font-family:Inter,system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Arial,sans-serif}header,main,footer{max-width:1180px;margin:auto}header{height:82px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid #c9cbc6}.brand{font-weight:800;letter-spacing:-1px;text-decoration:none;color:#111;font-size:20px}.brand span{color:#e84b28}nav{display:flex;gap:32px}nav a,footer a{color:#343938;text-decoration:none;font-size:14px}.hero{min-height:610px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:3fr 1fr;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid #c9cbc6}.eyebrow{font:500 12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;letter-spacing:1.6px;color:#e84b28}.hero h1{font-size:72px;line-height:.98;letter-spacing:-4px;margin:18px 0}.hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:#e84b28}.lead{max-width:680px;color:#5a605f;line-height:1.7;font-size:18px}.cta{display:inline-block;margin-top:20px;background:#101313;color:white;border:0;padding:15px 20px;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer}.scope{border-left:1px solid #c9cbc6;padding-left:36px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px}.scope b{font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}.scope span{font-size:20px}section{padding:86px 0}.section-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;margin-bottom:35px}.section-head h2,.guides h2,.about h2,.calculator h2{font-size:40px;letter-spacing:-2px;margin:8px 0}.section-head>p{max-width:390px;color:#69706e}.cards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border-top:1px solid #bbbdb9;border-left:1px solid #bbbdb9}.card{min-height:245px;padding:28px;border-right:1px solid #bbbdb9;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbdb9;cursor:pointer;transition:.2s;background:transparent}.card:hover{background:#101313;color:white;transform:translateY(-3px)}.card .num{font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#e84b28}.card h3{font-size:22px;margin-top:55px}.card p{font-size:14px;color:#6b706f;line-height:1.5}.card:hover p{color:#bbc0bf}.calculator{border-top:1px solid #bbb}.hidden{display:none}.calculator #back{background:none;border:0;padding:0;cursor:pointer;margin-bottom:35px}.fields{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(180px,320px));gap:18px;margin-top:30px}.field label{display:block;font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;margin-bottom:8px}.field input,.field select{width:100%;padding:14px;border:1px solid #b9bcb8;background:white;font-size:16px}.result{margin-top:24px;padding:25px;border-left:4px solid #e84b28;background:white;font-size:25px;font-weight:700}.formula{margin-top:20px;display:flex;gap:18px;align-items:center}.formula code{font:15px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;background:#dededa;padding:10px}.guides{border-top:1px solid #c9cbc6}.guide-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px}.guide-grid article{padding:25px 0;border-top:2px solid #101313}.guide-grid b{font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#e84b28}.guide-grid p,.about>p{color:#68706d;line-height:1.6}.about{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;border-top:1px solid #c9cbc6}footer{border-top:1px solid #c9cbc6;padding:35px 0 50px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:12px;color:#69706e}@media(max-width:800px){header{padding:0 20px}nav{gap:12px}.hero{grid-template-columns:1fr;padding:70px 20px}.hero h1{font-size:50px}.scope{border-left:0;border-top:1px solid #bbb;padding:25px 0;margin-top:50px}section{padding:65px 20px}.cards,.guide-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.section-head,.about,footer{display:block}.fields{grid-template-columns:1fr}footer{padding:30px 20px}footer p{margin-top:15px}}
.area-link{font:inherit;font-size:20px;text-align:left;background:none;border:0;padding:0;color:#101313;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;max-width:220px}.area-link span{opacity:0;transition:.2s}.area-link:hover{color:#e84b28}.area-link:hover span{opacity:1;transform:translateX(5px)}.filterbar{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 20px}.filter{border:1px solid #bbbdb9;background:transparent;padding:9px 13px;cursor:pointer}.filter.active,.filter:hover{background:#101313;color:#fff}.res-tabs{display:flex;gap:8px;margin:25px 0}.res-tab{padding:10px 14px;border:1px solid #bbb;background:transparent;cursor:pointer}.res-tab.active{background:#101313;color:white}.resistor{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin:30px 0}.resistor>i{display:block;width:80px;height:5px;background:#8b8b8b}.resistor .body{width:260px;height:92px;background:#d9c59f;border-radius:34px;display:flex;justify-content:space-around;padding:0 28px}.resistor .body span{display:block;width:18px;height:92px;border-left:1px solid #0002;border-right:1px solid #0002}
@media(max-width:800px){.area-link{max-width:none}.resistor>i{width:28px}.resistor .body{width:220px}.filterbar{margin-top:10px}}
/* V6 · calculadoras visuales */
.calc-workspace{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) minmax(380px,1fr);gap:28px;align-items:start;margin-top:24px}.calc-controls{min-width:0}.visual-panel{border:1px solid #b9bcb8;background:#fbfaf6;min-height:430px;position:sticky;top:18px}.visual-kicker{font:500 11px DM Mono,monospace;letter-spacing:1.2px;padding:14px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid #d1d3cf;color:#e84b28}.visual-content{min-height:340px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:12px;overflow:hidden}.visual-hint{margin:0;padding:12px 16px;border-top:1px solid #d1d3cf;color:#6c7270;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5}.circuit-svg{width:100%;height:auto;max-height:360px}.svgtxt{font:700 17px Inter,Arial,sans-serif;fill:#27302e}.svgval{font:600 15px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;fill:#27302e}.svgout{font:800 22px Inter,Arial,sans-serif;fill:#e84b28}.svgsmall{font:500 12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;fill:#5c6663}.accent{fill:#e84b28}.flow-line{animation:dashFlow 1.1s linear infinite}@keyframes dashFlow{to{stroke-dashoffset:-20}}.visual-stats{display:grid;gap:6px;width:100%;padding:0 12px 12px;color:#5e6664;font-size:12px}.visual-stats b{text-transform:capitalize;color:#202725}.mini-wave{width:100%;display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;gap:8px 12px;align-items:center;padding:0 20px 16px;font-size:12px}.mini-wave i{display:block;height:22px;background:repeating-radial-gradient(ellipse at center,#e84b28 0 1px,transparent 2px 12px);opacity:.7}.wave-out{filter:blur(calc(var(--blur) * .12))}.pwm-visual,.adc-visual,.power-visual{width:100%;padding:20px}.pwm-title{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;font-size:18px}.pwm-track,.adc-meter,.power-meter{height:16px;background:#ddd;border-radius:999px;overflow:hidden;margin:16px 0}.pwm-track span,.adc-meter i,.power-meter i{display:block;height:100%;background:#e84b28;transition:width .25s ease}.pwm-svg{width:100%;height:auto}.adc-chip{width:170px;height:150px;margin:0 auto;background:#222;color:white;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:7px;box-shadow:0 0 0 8px #444 inset}.adc-chip span{font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}.adc-chip b{font-size:34px}.adc-chip small{color:#bbb}.motor-visual{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:38px;width:100%;padding:30px}.rotor{width:150px;height:150px;border:12px solid #333;border-radius:50%;position:relative;animation:spin var(--spin) linear infinite}.rotor:before{content:"";position:absolute;width:28px;height:28px;background:#e84b28;border-radius:50%;left:50%;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}.rotor span{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;width:10px;height:58px;background:#777;transform-origin:50% 0}.rotor span:nth-child(1){transform:rotate(0deg)}.rotor span:nth-child(2){transform:rotate(120deg)}.rotor span:nth-child(3){transform:rotate(240deg)}@keyframes spin{to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}.power-visual{text-align:center}.bulb{width:110px;height:110px;margin:15px auto;border-radius:50%;background:rgba(255,186,59,var(--power));border:5px solid #444;box-shadow:0 0 calc(40px * var(--power)) rgba(255,145,0,var(--power));position:relative}.bulb:after{content:"";position:absolute;width:44px;height:40px;background:#555;left:50%;bottom:-35px;transform:translateX(-50%);border-radius:4px}.big-resistor{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;padding:50px 10px 20px}.big-resistor>i{width:18%;height:6px;background:#888}.big-resistor .body{width:58%;max-width:300px;height:110px;border-radius:44px;background:#d9c59f;display:flex;justify-content:space-around;padding:0 32px;border:2px solid #a68f67}.big-resistor .body span{width:18px;height:100%}.band-labels{display:flex;gap:12px;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;text-transform:capitalize;font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#555}.visual-placeholder{text-align:center;color:#777;max-width:280px}.resistor .body span{transition:background .2s ease}.field input:focus,.field select:focus{outline:2px solid #e84b28;outline-offset:1px}.result{transition:.2s}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.flow-line,.rotor{animation:none}.circuit-svg animateMotion{display:none}}
@media(max-width:980px){.calc-workspace{grid-template-columns:1fr}.visual-panel{position:static}.visual-content{min-height:300px}}
@media(max-width:600px){.visual-panel{min-height:0}.visual-content{padding:4px}.motor-visual{gap:18px;padding:20px 8px}.rotor{width:110px;height:110px}.big-resistor .body{height:86px;padding:0 18px}.big-resistor .body span{width:14px}}
/* V7 · manipulación directa y controles continuos */
.field-slider-row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:14px 1fr 14px;gap:8px;align-items:center;margin-top:8px;color:#777;font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}.quick-slider,.visual-range{width:100%;accent-color:#e84b28;cursor:ew-resize}.quick-slider{height:20px}.drag-rail{cursor:ew-resize;touch-action:none;outline:none}.drag-track{stroke:#b9bcb8;stroke-width:4;stroke-linecap:round}.drag-knob{fill:#e84b28;stroke:#fff;stroke-width:3;filter:drop-shadow(0 1px 2px #0004)}.drag-rail:focus .drag-knob,.drag-rail:hover .drag-knob{stroke:#101313;stroke-width:4}.inline-drag{margin-top:18px;text-align:left}.inline-drag label,.dual-visual-range label{display:block;font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#5d6563}.dual-visual-range{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:16px;margin-top:16px;text-align:left}.visual-range{margin-top:8px}.visual-hint:after{content:' También puedes arrastrar los controles dentro del dibujo.';font-weight:600;color:#303735}.calc-controls .field{padding-bottom:4px}.field input[type=number]{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.circuit-svg{overflow:visible}.circuit-svg .drag-rail text{user-select:none;pointer-events:none}@media(max-width:600px){.dual-visual-range{grid-template-columns:1fr}.drag-rail .svgsmall{font-size:10px}}
/* V10 · puente calculadora → simulador */
.calc-actions{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;margin-top:20px}.calc-actions .cta{margin-top:0}.simulator-cta{background:#e84b28;color:#fff;border:1px solid #e84b28}.simulator-cta:hover{background:#c93d1d}.simulator-cta.hidden{display:none}.sim-link-note{font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#69706e;margin-top:8px}.sim-link-note b{color:#e84b28}@media(max-width:600px){.calc-actions{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr}.calc-actions .cta{width:100%}}
/* V33 · arquitectura SEO, publicación y contenido */
:root{--ink:#101313;--muted:#68706d;--line:#c9cbc6;--paper:#f2f1ed;--card:#fbfaf6;--accent:#e84b28}
.site-header{height:auto;min-height:82px;display:flex;gap:28px;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:18px 0}.site-nav{display:flex;gap:24px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.site-nav a{white-space:nowrap}.site-nav a:hover,.footer-links a:hover,.text-link:hover,.center-link a:hover{color:var(--accent)}
.scope a{font-size:20px;text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;max-width:240px}.scope a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.hero-actions{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap}.text-link{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#9ca29f;text-underline-offset:4px}.trust-strip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:0;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.trust-strip>div{padding:28px;border-right:1px solid var(--line);display:grid;gap:4px}.trust-strip>div:last-child{border-right:0}.trust-strip strong{font-size:22px}.trust-strip span{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}
.tool-search{display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto minmax(220px,420px);align-items:center;gap:14px;margin-bottom:16px}.tool-search label{font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}.tool-search input{padding:12px 14px;border:1px solid #b9bcb8;background:#fff;font-size:16px;width:100%}.card{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.card h3{margin-bottom:8px}.card p{flex:1}.card-actions{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;align-items:center;margin-top:22px}.card-actions button{border:0;background:none;padding:0;font-weight:700;color:inherit;cursor:pointer}.card-actions a{font-size:12px;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.card:hover .card-actions a{color:#ff8f73}.empty-search{padding:30px;color:var(--muted)}.center-link{text-align:center;margin-top:28px}.center-link a,.full-page-link a{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700;text-underline-offset:4px}.full-page-link{margin-top:18px;font-size:13px}
.home-feature{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.2fr .8fr;gap:50px;align-items:center;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.home-feature.reverse{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.home-feature h2{font-size:44px;letter-spacing:-2px;margin:8px 0 16px}.home-feature p{line-height:1.7;color:var(--muted)}.lab-terminal{background:#101313;color:#fff;padding:32px;display:grid;gap:8px;box-shadow:12px 12px 0 #d9d8d2}.lab-terminal span{font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:#e84b28;margin-top:10px}.lab-terminal b{font-size:19px}.metric-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:var(--line);border:1px solid var(--line);margin:25px 0 55px}.metric-grid article{background:var(--card);padding:28px;display:grid;gap:5px}.metric-grid strong{font-size:30px}.metric-grid span{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.metric-grid.compact{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);margin:0}
.article-main{max-width:1040px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px 80px}.breadcrumbs{padding:28px 0 0;display:flex;gap:9px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.breadcrumbs a{color:var(--muted);text-decoration:none}.breadcrumbs a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.article-hero{padding:58px 0 38px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.article-hero.wide{max-width:920px}.article-hero h1{font-size:clamp(42px,7vw,72px);letter-spacing:-3.5px;line-height:1;margin:12px 0 20px}.content-article{max-width:780px;margin:0 auto}.content-article>section{padding:42px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #d7d8d4}.content-article h2{font-size:30px;letter-spacing:-1.1px}.content-article p,.content-article li{font-size:17px;line-height:1.78;color:#424846}.article-guide .article-hero{margin-left:-80px;margin-right:-80px}.formula-card{display:grid;grid-template-columns:.8fr 1.2fr;gap:35px;align-items:center;background:#101313;color:#fff;padding:34px!important;border:0!important}.formula-card h2{font:600 28px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;margin:8px 0}.formula-card p{color:#d5d8d6}.check-list{padding-left:0;list-style:none}.check-list li{position:relative;padding-left:28px;margin:12px 0}.check-list li:before{content:'✓';position:absolute;left:0;color:var(--accent);font-weight:800}.related-box{background:#e8e7e2;padding:30px!important;border:0!important}.related-links{display:flex;gap:18px;flex-wrap:wrap}.related-links a{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700}.disclaimer{font-size:13px!important;background:#e7e6e1;padding:18px;border-left:3px solid #9a9f9d}.callout{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:30px;padding:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);margin:40px 0}.callout h2{margin:0 0 6px}.callout p{margin:0;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6}
.seo-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);border-left:1px solid var(--line);border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.seo-card{min-height:250px;padding:26px;border-right:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);text-decoration:none;color:var(--ink);display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:.18s}.seo-card:hover{background:#101313;color:#fff;transform:translateY(-2px)}.seo-card>span{font:11px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;color:var(--accent);text-transform:uppercase}.seo-card h2{font-size:22px;margin:45px 0 8px}.seo-card p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--muted);flex:1}.seo-card:hover p{color:#c7ccca}.seo-card b{font-size:12px;color:var(--accent);margin-top:18px}
.tool-section{padding:42px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.tool-live-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,.95fr) minmax(360px,1.05fr);gap:24px}.tool-panel,.tool-visual-card{background:var(--card);border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px}.tool-visual-card{min-height:390px}.tool-visual-card>.eyebrow{display:block;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #dadbd7}.tool-visual-card #pageVisual{min-height:300px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.result-box{margin:22px 0 14px;padding:18px;border-left:4px solid var(--accent);background:#fff;display:grid;gap:6px}.result-box span{font-size:11px;color:var(--muted);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px}.result-box strong{font-size:27px}.secondary-cta{background:var(--accent);margin-top:0}.tool-note{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.page-stat-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:8px 14px;padding:15px 25px;font-size:13px}.page-stat-grid span{text-align:right}.page-resistor{padding:22px 10px 12px}.divider-mini{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;gap:12px;align-items:center;text-align:center}.divider-mini .page-resistor{transform:scale(.72);padding:0;margin:-15px}.divider-arrow{color:var(--accent);font-weight:700}.divider-arrow b{font-size:22px}.led-demo{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:15px;align-items:center;padding:18px}.led-dot{width:70px;height:70px;border-radius:50%;background:rgba(255,50,20,var(--bright));box-shadow:0 0 calc(35px * var(--bright)) rgba(255,70,20,var(--bright));border:3px solid #7d3326}.filter-demo{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.3fr .7fr;align-items:center;text-align:center}.filter-demo .page-resistor{transform:scale(.8);padding:0}.capacitor-symbol{display:grid;place-items:center;gap:7px}.capacitor-symbol i{display:block;width:60px;height:5px;background:#222}.opamp-demo{padding:35px}.op-triangle{margin:0 auto 22px;width:130px;height:110px;clip-path:polygon(0 0,0 100%,100% 50%);background:#101313;color:#fff;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding-left:25px;font-weight:800;position:relative}.op-triangle span{position:absolute;right:15px;top:42px}.site-footer{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto auto;gap:35px;align-items:center}.site-footer>div>p{margin:6px 0 0;color:var(--muted)}.footer-links{display:flex;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap}.footer-links a{font-size:12px}
@media(max-width:980px){.site-header{padding:16px 20px;align-items:flex-start}.site-nav{gap:12px}.trust-strip{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.home-feature,.home-feature.reverse,.formula-card,.tool-live-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.seo-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.article-guide .article-hero{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.site-footer{padding:30px 20px;grid-template-columns:1fr}.tool-visual-card{min-height:0}}
@media(max-width:640px){.site-header{display:block}.site-nav{margin-top:14px;overflow-x:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;padding-bottom:8px}.site-nav a{font-size:13px}.trust-strip,.metric-grid,.metric-grid.compact{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.seo-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.tool-search{grid-template-columns:1fr}.home-feature h2{font-size:34px}.article-main{padding-left:18px;padding-right:18px}.article-hero h1{letter-spacing:-2px}.formula-card{padding:24px!important}.callout{display:block}.callout .cta{margin-top:18px}.tool-live-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.divider-mini{grid-template-columns:1fr}.site-footer{display:block}.footer-links{margin:18px 0}.trust-strip>div{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}}